EVOLUTION AND CHRONOLOGY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN THE WORLD AND UKRAINE. Part 2
V.H. HARMASAR
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-0111
Dobrov Institute for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies of the NAS of Ukraine
Nauka naukozn. 2024, 4(126): 109—127
https://doi.org/10.15407/sofs2024.04.109
Section: Science and technology history
Language: Ukrainian
Abstract: The second part of the article contains an extended review of the development of biological science in Ukraine since ancient to present times, based on the backgrounds of historical events, scientific achievements and political changes. The methodological framework of the research is built on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and reliability; general scientific and special methods: historical- chronological, historical-biographical, retrospective, and source analysis. The source base is works of domestic authors on the history of natural science and biology, monographs dedicated to selected biological areas, scientific periodicals, historical biographies of scientists, and reports from institutes of the NAS of Ukraine. This research is topical because it allows for a better grasp into the history of biological science in Ukraine through profound understanding of historical aspects of its origin, formation, and development. An author’s chronology of the biological science development in Ukraine is proposed. The initial stage (up to the 18th century): the earliest scientific observations in the field of biology, aimed for the most part at exploring local flora and fauna. The 18th century: formation of biology as a science, systematization, and dissemination of biological knowledge; and publishing activities in the field. The 19th century: the development of domestic biology based on newly established universities. Research included botany, zoology, anatomy, and physiology of plants and animals. This time saw the creation of earliest botanical gardens, zoological museums, and scientific societies, the participation of domestic scientists in expeditions to explore flora and fauna. The 20th century: formation of a new model of science based on research institutes, primarily within the Academy of Sciences; rapid development of domestic biology through creating new specialized research institutions and increasing the number of researchers. The policy of industrialization and collectivization in the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1930s was pursued amid repressions against scientists, and biology, like other fields of science, came under the ideological pressure. Modern period (1991 and on): biology continued to develop in independent Ukraine with the outstanding role of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This phase features integration of Ukrainian researchers as a whole and biologists in particular in the world scientific community amid a shortage of resources in the domestic scientific system.
Keywords: biological science in Ukraine, history of biology, Ukrainian scientist, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, botany, zoology, microbiology, virology, physiology, anatomy, cryobiology.
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